Hormonal Changes and Pre-menstrual-syndrome

As with all the changes nature makes in our reproductive system those at the menopause are very gradual, taking 5-7 years to complete. First there is the gradual missing of ovulation. Studies in which small sections of the normal lining of the womb have been removed and examined microscopically have suggested that the occasional anovular cycle can occur up to six years before the last menstruation. Gradually, missed ovulations become more frequent and with it the menstrual flow may become lighter and scanty. As the ovary is declining, the hypothalamus and pituitary try to stimulate it with an increased output of the two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH). But the ovaries are unable to respond and cannot increase their production of oestrogen and progesterone, which gradually decreases until some years later it comes to an end.

Oestrogen has other functions, which are of importance after the menstruating years are finished. Oestrogen promotes the cholesterol balance, it is involved in the building up of bones, it nourishes the blood circulatory system and it increases the elasticity of the skin. When oestrogen is no longer produced by the ovaries, it continues to be produced in the two adrenal glands, which have always produced a small amount, and in the peripheral tissues. After the menopause it is this non-ovarian oestrogen which now has to fulfill the other functions to the blood, bones and skin. All too often there is insufficient for these other tasks, either temporarily during the changeover time or permanently and it is this lack of oestrogen which is responsible for all the unpleasant symptoms of the menopause.

All too often the woman, once her ovaries decline, is left to carry on with an insufficiency of this vital and powerful female hormone.

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